Doctors should consider age when evaluating risks, study suggests
Radiation risks associated with abdominal and pelvic CT scans are twice as high for younger patients as older patients, a new study finds.
"Estimating the risks associated with ionizing radiation is complex," study author Dr. James Koonce, of the Medical University of South Carolina, said in a news release. "Many variables such as patient size, age, and the region of the body being imaged all affect the total risk. Our study looked at how the overall risks associated with abdominal/pelvic CT scans depend on patient sex and age."
The study included 51 patients who underwent routine contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scans.
"We found that the estimated radiation risk for a 31-year-old (0.91 per 1,000) was about double that for a 74-year-old (0.47 per 1,000). The median radiation risk to 25 males was 0.61 per 1,000 and for 26 females was 0.74 per 1,000," Koonce said.
The study was to be presented Monday at the American College of Radiology/American Roentgen Ray Society annual meeting in San Diego.
"Clinicians ordering imaging tests must use their best clinical judgment to select patients with a reasonable pre-test probability that the diagnosis afforded by CT will give valuable information to affect patient management," Koonce said.
"Knowing the risk involved with radiation exposure to a patient during an abdominal/pelvic CT allows for more accurate risk benefit evaluation when a physician is deciding whether or not to order an exam," he added.
Monday, July 12, 2010
Monday, October 19, 2009
Gene Mutation Could Be Key to Rare Blood Vessel Disease
Mutations in a protein called thrombomodulin, which is involved in blood clotting and preventing cell damage, may be the cause of some atypical HUS, a new Canadian study suggests.
The finding might lead to new therapies for this rare disease, researchers say. There are about 300 children affected by it in the United States, and it can be fatal, according to the Foundation for Children with Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (aHUS).
"Identification of all of the mechanisms leading to aHUS will hopefully lead to new treatments that are currently lacking and urgently needed," said lead researcher Dr. Edward M. Conway, director of the Centre for Blood Research at the University of British Columbia Life Sciences Centre in Vancouver.
HUS is a serious condition, most often seen in children. The major cause of the disorder is damage to the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, Conway explained. This leads to clotting of the blood in small blood vessels, and deforming of red blood cells, causing anemia; and loss of platelets, which causes bleeding and inadequate blood supply, particularly to the kidneys, which leads to kidney failure, he said.
The trigger for the endothelial cell injury in HUS is most often a toxin that is released from bacteria after ingestion of contaminated water or food, Conway said.
"There is, however, a more rare 'atypical' form of HUS that is not induced by the bacterial toxin," he said. "In contrast to the more common form, patients with aHUS often do poorly."
Approximately 25 percent of patients with aHUS die, and about 50 percent end up needing dialysis for kidney failure, according to Conway, who added, "aHUS is seen in individuals who have, in their blood, excess activation of the so-called complement system."
The complement system is a complex set of proteins in the blood and on cells that work together to rapidly destroy any invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, but without damaging any of the host cells, particularly the blood vessel endothelial cells, Conway explained.
"When the system is too active and without adequate normal protective mechanisms, the endothelial cells become more easily damaged, and this places individuals at increased risk of developing aHUS," Conway said.
Mutations in different complement proteins that cause excess activation of the system and cause loss of protection to the host cells "have been identified in about 50 percent of the patients. For the rest, the etiology has remained a mystery," he said.
For the study, published in the July 23 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Conway's team studied 152 patients with aHUS and compared them with 380 healthy people. "In seven patients, we identified six different mutations in a protein that is on the surface of endothelial cells," he said.
The protein, called thrombomodulin, is known to prevent clotting. Using a variety of biochemical techniques, the researchers found that thrombomodulin not only protects blood from excess clotting, but it also prevents complement proteins from activating and damaging endothelial cells.
In patients with aHUS and thrombomodulin mutations, the mutated thrombomodulin was less effective at interfering with complement activation, Conway said. "Thus, the endothelial cells in these patients would be more likely to become damaged, increasing the risk of these individuals developing aHUS."
Thrombomodulin mutations only explain about 5 percent to 6 percent of aHUS cases, he noted, but for these patients it could be a breakthrough.
"It is reasonable to consider that administration of thrombomodulin might be effective as a treatment, at least for some patients with aHUS," Conway said. "Further studies, however, would be necessary to show that."
In addition, many other common diseases are associated with excess complement activation, including some types of arthritis and atherosclerosis, Conway said.
"It is reasonable to consider that thrombomodulin mutations may contribute to increasing the risk of patients developing these diseases. If that is the case, new forms of therapy might be designed for these diseases," he said.
Dr. Ajay Singh, clinical chief of the renal division and director of dialysis at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, said this finding is an important addition to the understanding of this rare condition.
"This paper is a major advance," Singh said. "Since the 1970s, the role of alternative pathway complement activation has been recognized as being important in explaining the disease."
However, the precise mechanisms have been unknown, Singh said. "This paper demonstrates that mutations in the gene for thrombomodulin interfere with its ability to protect cells from complement-mediated injury. This could allow the development of therapies that could effectively treat this devastating disease," he said.
SOURCES: Edward M. Conway, M.D., Ph.D., director, Centre for Blood Research, and professor, medicine, University of British Columbia Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver; Ajay Singh, M.D., clinical chief, renal division, director, dialysis, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and associate professor, medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; July 23, 2009, New England Journal of Medicine
The finding might lead to new therapies for this rare disease, researchers say. There are about 300 children affected by it in the United States, and it can be fatal, according to the Foundation for Children with Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (aHUS).
"Identification of all of the mechanisms leading to aHUS will hopefully lead to new treatments that are currently lacking and urgently needed," said lead researcher Dr. Edward M. Conway, director of the Centre for Blood Research at the University of British Columbia Life Sciences Centre in Vancouver.
HUS is a serious condition, most often seen in children. The major cause of the disorder is damage to the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, Conway explained. This leads to clotting of the blood in small blood vessels, and deforming of red blood cells, causing anemia; and loss of platelets, which causes bleeding and inadequate blood supply, particularly to the kidneys, which leads to kidney failure, he said.
The trigger for the endothelial cell injury in HUS is most often a toxin that is released from bacteria after ingestion of contaminated water or food, Conway said.
"There is, however, a more rare 'atypical' form of HUS that is not induced by the bacterial toxin," he said. "In contrast to the more common form, patients with aHUS often do poorly."
Approximately 25 percent of patients with aHUS die, and about 50 percent end up needing dialysis for kidney failure, according to Conway, who added, "aHUS is seen in individuals who have, in their blood, excess activation of the so-called complement system."
The complement system is a complex set of proteins in the blood and on cells that work together to rapidly destroy any invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, but without damaging any of the host cells, particularly the blood vessel endothelial cells, Conway explained.
"When the system is too active and without adequate normal protective mechanisms, the endothelial cells become more easily damaged, and this places individuals at increased risk of developing aHUS," Conway said.
Mutations in different complement proteins that cause excess activation of the system and cause loss of protection to the host cells "have been identified in about 50 percent of the patients. For the rest, the etiology has remained a mystery," he said.
For the study, published in the July 23 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Conway's team studied 152 patients with aHUS and compared them with 380 healthy people. "In seven patients, we identified six different mutations in a protein that is on the surface of endothelial cells," he said.
The protein, called thrombomodulin, is known to prevent clotting. Using a variety of biochemical techniques, the researchers found that thrombomodulin not only protects blood from excess clotting, but it also prevents complement proteins from activating and damaging endothelial cells.
In patients with aHUS and thrombomodulin mutations, the mutated thrombomodulin was less effective at interfering with complement activation, Conway said. "Thus, the endothelial cells in these patients would be more likely to become damaged, increasing the risk of these individuals developing aHUS."
Thrombomodulin mutations only explain about 5 percent to 6 percent of aHUS cases, he noted, but for these patients it could be a breakthrough.
"It is reasonable to consider that administration of thrombomodulin might be effective as a treatment, at least for some patients with aHUS," Conway said. "Further studies, however, would be necessary to show that."
In addition, many other common diseases are associated with excess complement activation, including some types of arthritis and atherosclerosis, Conway said.
"It is reasonable to consider that thrombomodulin mutations may contribute to increasing the risk of patients developing these diseases. If that is the case, new forms of therapy might be designed for these diseases," he said.
Dr. Ajay Singh, clinical chief of the renal division and director of dialysis at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, said this finding is an important addition to the understanding of this rare condition.
"This paper is a major advance," Singh said. "Since the 1970s, the role of alternative pathway complement activation has been recognized as being important in explaining the disease."
However, the precise mechanisms have been unknown, Singh said. "This paper demonstrates that mutations in the gene for thrombomodulin interfere with its ability to protect cells from complement-mediated injury. This could allow the development of therapies that could effectively treat this devastating disease," he said.
SOURCES: Edward M. Conway, M.D., Ph.D., director, Centre for Blood Research, and professor, medicine, University of British Columbia Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver; Ajay Singh, M.D., clinical chief, renal division, director, dialysis, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and associate professor, medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; July 23, 2009, New England Journal of Medicine
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